| Item |
Information |
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Drug Groups
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illicit; experimental |
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Description
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An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy. [PubChem] |
| Indication |
Clinical trials are now testing the therapeutic potential of MDMA for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and anxiety associated with terminal cancer. MDMA is one of the four most widely used illicit drugs in the U.S. |
| Pharmacology |
MDMA acts as a releasing agent of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. |
| Biotransformation |
Hepatic: CYP450 extensively involved, especially CYP2D6
MDMA is known to be metabolized by two main metabolic pathways: (1) O-demethylenation followed by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)-catalyzed methylation and/or glucuronide/sulfate conjugation; and (2) N-dealkylation, deamination, and oxidation to the corresponding benzoic acid derivatives conjugated with glycine. The metabolism may be primarily by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes (CYP2D6 (in humans, but CYP2D1 in mice), and CYP3A4) and COMT. Complex, nonlinear pharmacokinetics arise via autoinhibition of CYP2D6 and CYP2D8, resulting in zeroth order kinetics at higher doses. It is thought that this can result in sustained and higher concentrations of MDMA if the user takes consecutive doses of the drug. |
| Half Life |
6–10 (though duration of effects is typically actually 3–5 hours) |
| Elimination |
renal |
| References |
| • |
Freudenmann RW, Oxler F, Bernschneider-Reif S: The origin of MDMA (ecstasy) revisited: the true story reconstructed from the original documents. Addiction. 2006 Sep;101(9):1241-5.
[Pubmed]
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| • |
Jayanthi LD, Ramamoorthy S: Regulation of monoamine transporters: influence of psychostimulants and therapeutic antidepressants. AAPS J. 2005 Oct 27;7(3):E728-38.
[Pubmed]
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| External Links |
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